![]() ![]() Lepeschin, The effect of ventricular systole on auricular rhythm in auriculoventricular block. Hayano, Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: why does the heartbeat synchronize with respiratory rhythm? Chest, 2004 125: 683–690. Seals, Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. Reeves, Exercise graded by heart rate in electrocardiographic testing for angina pectoris. Crown, Diagnosis and treatment of sick sinus syndrome. Pathogenesis, recognition, and management. Flaker, Arrhythmias associated with sinus node dysfunction. Pantridge, Incidence, significance, and management of early bradyarrhythmia complicating acute myocardial infarction. Rosen, Twenty-four hour continuous ECG recordings in long-distance runners. Cardiol., 1977 39: 390–395.ījerregaard, P., Mean 24 hour heart rate, minimal heart rate and pauses in healthy subjects 40–79 years of age. Rosen, Arrhythmias documented by 24 hour continuous electrocardiographic monitoring in 50 male medical students without apparent heart disease. ![]() Fiddler, Results of 24 hour ambulatory monitoring of electrocardiogram in 131 healthy boys aged 10 to 13 years. Rifkin, Operational definition of normal sinus heart rate. WHO/ISFC Task Force, Definition of terms related to cardiac rhythm. Thomas, Effect of atropine on the heart-rate. Becker, Functional and morphological organization of the rabbit sinus node. Lakatta, Rhythmic Ca 2 + oscillations drive sinoatrial nodal cell pacemaker function to make the heart tick. Noma, The electrophysiological properties of spontaneously beating pacemaker cells isolated from mouse sinoatrial node. Ludwig, Pacemaker channels and sinus node arrhythmia. Striessnig, et al., Functional role of L-type Cav1.3 Ca 2 + channels in cardiac pacemaker activity. Noma, Sustained inward current during pacemaker depolarization in mammalian sinoatrial node cells. Noma, Membrane currents of single pacemaker cells from rabbit S-A and A-V nodes, in D. Ho, Sinus node revisited in the era of electroanatomical mapping and catheter ablation. James, T.N., Structure and function of the sinus node, AV node and His bundle of the human heart: part I-structure. Pool-Schneider, Indications for electrophysiologic testing in the diagnosis and assessment of sinus node dysfunction. Gettes, et al, ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 guideline update for implantation of cardiac pacemakers and antiarrhythmia devices). The task force on syncope, European Society of Cardiology. Thomsen, et al., Guidelines on management (diagnosis and treatment) of syncope – update 2004. Marchlinski, Insights into the electrophysiology of atrial arrhythmias gained by the catheter ablation experience: “learning while burning, Part II.” J. Kuehnert, Electrophysiological testing of sinus node function: diagnostic and prognostic application-including updated information from sinus node electrograms. Marcus, Evaluation of sino-atrial node function in man by overdrive suppression. ![]() Levy, Prevalence, incidence, prognosis, and predisposing conditions for atrial fibrillation: population-based estimates. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. The presence or absence of P waves, their morphology and timing, including their relation to ventricular activation as. The electrocardiographic diagnosis both of sinus disorders and atrial arrhythmias depends on the P wave as evidence of atrial activation, since sinus node activity itself is not recorded on the surface ECG. This fact is of particular relevance to the electrocardiographic study of sinus and atrial activity. The sinus node and the atrium are closely related, both anatomically and functionally, and disorders of one interfere with the functioning of the other. Sinus node dysfunction accounts for over half of permanent pacemaker implants worldwide, while atrial fibrillation occurs secondary to the progression of most cardiac conditions. They are the most common causes of clinical bradyarrhythmias and tachyarrhythmias, respectively. Although rarely fatal, disorders of sinus node function and atrial arrhythmias are causes of much morbidity. ![]()
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